Background Of English Neologisms

Background Of English Neologisms Languages are changing as the world is constantly changing. After the Second World War, English neologisms emerged in a remarkable way. New vocabulary came into existence due to new technologies and new discoveries such as ; computing, internet , cell phones and the like. Peoples daily activities like dancing, looking and many others, renewed their popularity giving birth to new lexicon. In deed, new words are invented rapidly and are developed quickly thanks to mass communication. They appear and fall into disuse when they have served their momentary purpose ( Bernhart 54).Only a few of them will get recorded in glossaries of neologisms of general dictionaries. The matter of neologism becomes a new hot spot of research owing to its practical and prevailing use in reality. The study of neologisms evoked a whole cluster of questions: -What are the reasons beyond the rise of new lexicon? -Why are some new words just a flash in a pan? -Why are other words successful? -What are the qualities that make a word successful? -Are Neologisms markers of changes in societies? Chapter 01:Literature Review 1. 1.Definition of a Neologism The term neologism originates from Greek: neos means ‘new‘, logos means ‘word‘, i. e. a neologism is literally a new word. â€Å"Neologism is the creation of a new lexical item as a response to changed circumstances in the external world, which achieves some currency within a speech communityâ€Å"(qtd. in Chrystal 1992: 264) at a particular time. In linguistics, a neologism is a recently-coined word, or the act of inventing a word or phrase. Additionally it can imply the use of old words in a new sense (i.e., giving new meanings to existing words or phrases). Neologisms are especially useful in identifying new inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. The word neologism was coined around 1800 and was, at that time, a neologism itself. A person who develops a neologism is sometimes called a neologist; neology is the act of introducing a new word into a language. l. 2. Background of English Neologisms The famous American new word expert John Algeo wrote in the preface of his book Fifty Years Among the New Words, â€Å"Although the dictionary of new word is warmly welcomed by readers only in recent years, actually the compiling of English dictionary began with the collection of new word ever since 1604.† The early English dictionaries like Table Alphabeticall (1604, Robert Cawdrey), English Expositor (1616, John Bullokar), and The English Dictionarie (1623, Henry Cockeram) all embodied some â€Å"hard words†, which were absolutely new words to people in those days. Thus, those dictionaries somehow held the characteristics of neologism dictionary. However, the scientific and systematic study of neologism began at 200 years later, the 20th century. In 1902, Leon Mead published a book named Word-Coinage, being an Inquiry into Recent Neologisms, also a Brief Study of Literary Style, Slang, and Provincialisms, which said to be the first book studying neologism in the 20th. Although it was not a neologism dictionary, it contained some articles about new words. Whats more, Mead put forward the idea of making research on new words for the first time in the history. He also provided lots of examples of new words created by some American writers at that time. In 1920, C.Alphonso Smith, the dean of the English department of American Navy Institute wrote a book entitled New Words Self-defined, in which 420 new words were illustrated by examples. This had proved to be a big progress in the research on the neologisms. From 1937 to 1940, the famous American scholar Dwight Bolinger first applied newspapers and magazines to introduce new word. He created a column, The Living Language, in the newspaper, Words. In 1943, the column was brought into American speech and the title was changed into Among the New Words. Then, in the next year,Professor I. Willis Russell took the place of Bolinger and became the chief-editor of the column. He wrote articles entitled Words and Meanings, New, to introduce new words and their new meanings. War is said to be the major cradle for the born of new words. Majorie Taylor, a librarian in New York, collected numerous neologisms created during the World War II. In 1944, Taylor compiled a word-list, The Language of World War II: Abbreviation, captions, Quotations, Slogans, Titles and Other Terms and Phrases, in which every new word was explained. Similarly, Clarence Barnhart published his Dictionary of U.S. Army Terms. At that time, some academic magazines also published articles to introduce new words. Many neologism dictionaries in the 1950s are very popular, especially the Dictionary of New Words in English compiled by Paul Charles Berg in 1953 and The Dictionary of New Words by Mary Reifer in 1955. During 1950s, Mr. Paul Charles Berg did a lot of job to collect new words about the war, which brought us his Dictionary of New Words in English in 1953. After the World War II, science and technology development had greatly influenced the society. Subsequently, a lot of scientific and technical words were flooding into the language field. A lot of neologism dictionaries about words in those fields were published. Two of them are mostly welcomed: An Explaining and Pronouncing Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Words by W. E. Flood Michael West and Words of Sciences and the History Blind Them by Isaac Asimov. From 1970s on, the study of English neologism drew great attention from western scholars, many of them established special column to introduce new words in English, such as William Safire who was well known for his On Language in New York Times weekly and Anne H. Soukhanow who was the chief-editor of Word Watch. In Safires column, he provided a considerably clear explanation of new words by citing typical examples, exploring their origins and performing their current usage. Besides, the American Dialect Association Dispatches introduced some new words yearly to the public. For instance, in 1994, â€Å"information superhighway† was rewarded as the newest word; â€Å"cybersex† was the most surprising word and â€Å"mosaic culture† the most unnecessary word. The digital revolution in 1990s is the radical reshaping and restructuring of social patterns. â€Å"Because of the wild spread of internet, America is speaking a whole new language†, said Shawn Holley in his The New Word Revolution. Lots of neologisms that have a historical significance by reason of the influence they exerted on the language field are brought into existence. According to the statistics, more than 20 neologism dictionaries have been compiled, among which some put emphasis on the academic field and some are distinctive by their popularity. Oxford English Dictionary, Websters Third New International Dictionary and Barhart Dictionary of New English are the ones with the highest academic value. New words are numerous. Sometimes it seems as if a new word has about as much chance of developing into a permanent addition to our vocabulary. Only few of them will remain as serious candidates for the dictionary. Books especially about new words are abundant. However, only a few scholars have ventured to propose factors that make for the success of new words. One is Goran Kjellmer, whose article Potential Words in the journal Word for August 2000 also reviews previous proposals. The other is the executive secretary of American Dialect Society, Allan Metcalf who proposed the FUDGE scale. The two reached different conclusions. Along with books and periodicals, there is the Internet. In particular, it makes my extensive searches for examples of how words are actually used today possible. Here the author has searched thousands of pages indexed by Google.com countless times to find current uses of words under discussion. A jump of several decades has showed us more researches on the neologisms. Language reflects our life, and the research on the neologisms has never been stopped. By collecting new words or phrases occurring in languages, the previous researches have provided precious materials for the further exploration in this field. Therefore, a careful look at the research background of neologisms carries an essential academic significance. In china, the study of neologism began from 1980s. Most of the specific works and papers are mere introduction of theories from abroad lacking of much original study. To keep up with the latest English vocabulary is really difficult, thus a thorough and systematic analysis about English new words is of practical significance both in learning and teaching of English as a foreign language. Chapter 02: Factors for the Rise of English Neologisms It is not language change itself that has occupied the attention of historical linguists for the past decades, but the causes and the processes of change. Early researchers, such as Saussure (1922) or Bloomfield (1933), for instance, maintained that the causes of linguistic change cannot be established despite numerous attempts at feasible explanations (Wardhaugh,1990:187). The majority of the early researchers have maintained also that the actual processes of change cannot be observed that what one can observe and perhaps analyses are the consequences of change. The findings of later research, however, envisage the process of change as an initial fluctuation between the new and the old, with the completion of the process occurring when the new replaces the old (Fromkin et al.,1996:295). In other words, if the new form, be it phonological, morpho-syntactic, lexical or semantic, spreads the change is in progress, if it eventually replaces the old form, the change has become a fait ac compli it has gone to completion(Holmes,1992:212). In regard to the causes of change, although the reasons for an aspect of a language undergoing change at a particular point in time still remain unclear, a number of theories have been proposed, depending on the orientation of individual researchers. For instance, Mcmahon M.S (1994: 179-182) discussing causes of semantic change, delineates the following: Linguistic causes Historical causes (subdivided into ideas and scientific concepts) Social causes Psychological causes (subdivided into emotive factors and taboo) Foreign influence The need for a new name Quite a lot of reasons are responsible for the creating of English neologisms. Any new thing or new concept, which takes place in our society, may provide a foundation for the creating of the new words. In the following, four of the major reasons will be emphasized: 1) the rise of new concepts and new ideas in social culture; 2) new discoveries in science and technology; 3) the manufacture of new products in economy, and 4) the events in the field of politics. Accompanied by a series of neologisms, we can have a clearer understanding of the current English neologisms. 2.1. Sociolcultural Changes: 2.1.1. New Concepts and ideas in Social Culture. The improving living condition and the enhancing cultural standard have formed a solid basis on which a large number of new things find their occurrence. It is not necessary to demonstrate that with the development of social culture, new concepts and ideas are introduced into us constantly. Since there are many more concepts than there are existing words, there will always be new words created. Changes in social outlook and manners of behavior call for new terms such as beatnik, peacenik, and hippie. Even new culinary arrangements demand new labels and in English they have some forth in the form of cheeseburger, chiliburger, mushroomburger, etc. (Anderson, 1973) Brian Foster presents us a striking example of how fast English vocabulary changes. In the year 1914, a young girl named Monica Baldwin entered a convent, remaining secluded there until 1941. When she returned to the outer world, she found herself in a totally different world: the conditions of everyday life altered by technical developments and social changes were beyond recognition. Whats more puzzling to her was the language people speaking. During a railway journey, the term â€Å"luggage in advance† meant nothing to her. Reading the daily newspapers made her feel idiotic in the extreme, because words like jazz, Gin, Hollywood, Cool, noshing and Isolationism were completely incomprehensible to her. Not to mention how bewildered she was at hearing friends say, â€Å"Its your funeral† or â€Å"believe it or not†. (Brian Foster, 1981) Lets look at another example â€Å"moonlighting†. It was anything but new to the vocabulary, and it gained a brand new meaning in 1957 as the verb to moonlight and its related noun, moonlighting. Time magazine, beamed moonlighting at its readers in its issue of July 22nd, 1957. According to Time, it was in fact not just a new name, but a new trend and a new concern. MOON-LIGHTING, proclaimed the headline: A Problem Born of Prosperity. As a noun, moonlight goes back with the moon itself to the beginning of the English language and even earlier to the Germanic and Indo-European ancestors of English. Presumably ever since humans could speak, they have talked about the light of the moon. As a verb, to moonlight is more recent, but it still goes back to the nineteenth century. From the start it has meant doing something by the light of the moon, but at first this was something that could get one arrested. In the nineteenth century, moonlight was a slang term for the activity of burglars, who benefited from moonlight at their work. In the twentieth century, it was also used for herding cattle and hunting deer by moonlight. Whether it was the illegal work that in 1957 caused the transmutation of moonlight into a standard term for legal work, or whether this new meaning was independently derived from the original moonlight, nobody knows. And it doesnt matter much. Either way, moonlight meaning the light of the moon easily took on its second meaning of to work a second job, and Americans have been moonlighting ever since. This second meaning seems likely to stay in the vocabulary, as long as people continue to hold down second jobs. 2.1.2.Disguising Language, â€Å"Misnomers† While taboo words are words that have been banned by the speech community, â€Å"misnomers† are words that individuals have decided to coin in order to deceive the hearer by disguising unpleasant concepts. Examples: E. friendly fire instead of bombardment by own troops. 2.1.3.Prestige, Fashion Lexical change may be based on the prestige of another language or another variety of the same language, certain fashionable word-formation patterns or certain fashionable semasiological centers of expansion. The kernel of this force is mostly found outside of language. It is often the prestige of a culture, the superiority of a group or politics which cause speakers to adopt linguistic elements (words, morphemes, morphs, sounds) from the prestigious groups speech. Example: English, for instance, borrowed heavily from French during the ME. period because the upper social classes were made up of French people: garment, flower, rose, face, prince, hour, question, dance, fork, royal, loyal, fine, zero are all Gallicisms. Today, English is now the most prestigious language for many parts of the world. 2.1.4.Social, or Demographic, Reasons By social, or demographic, reasons we shall refer to the contact between different social groups. This contact may easily, and rather subconsciously, trigger off lexical change— the more intensive the social contact is, the more intensive the linguistic exchange. Example: In the history of the English language, the two prominent instances of exchanges between two social groups were the one with the Vikings in the 8th to 11th centuries and the one with the French in the 11th to 15th centuries. The force of direct contact between different speech communities must not be mixed up with the prestige force, where no direct contact with the other speech community is necessary. Thus, we can say that the early French loans (from Northern French) rather go back to the everyday contact with the English population and the French soldiers, not so early French loans (from Parisian French) go back to the prestige of the French aristocracy, the French loans in the official bilingual phase of Englands history may either go back to prestige or to the social contact or to both. Examples: The inherited ey is replaced by Scandinavian egg, the inherited nimen is replaced by Scandinavian taken except for theform benumb, throwen is supplemented by Scandinavian casten; early French loans are army, carpenter, catch. 2.1.5.Culture-Induced Salience of a Concept (â€Å"Cultural Salience†) Sometimes concepts are not salient to humans because of gerenal human nature, but because of the concepts cultural values. Their salience can change with the change of culture. Example: The increased importance of arts and fashion has affected the lexical treatment of the conceptual field of colors: from a vague differentiation between dark blue and light blue to a neat distinction between cobalt blue, royal blue, indigo etc. (such neat detailed differentiations often originate in expert slang and then penetrate the language of the general speech community). Conceptual fields which have gained salience through cultural importance may very well serve as designations in other conceptual field in the form of metaphors. Example: In the US, a lot of metaphors in general language have been taken from the field of baseball, e.g. to be off base ‘to be completely wrong, to hit a home run ‘to be highly successful and from the field of entrepreneurship. 2.1.6.Word-Play The category of word play includes humor, irony and puns. Although word-play often goes hand in hand with other factors (such as taboo, prestige or anthropological salience), it can also trigger lexical change on its own. Example: ModE. perfect lady ‘prostitute, to take French leave ‘to leave secretly (without paying), to cool ‘look ( 2.2 New discoveries and Products In Science and Technology Suppose youre advancing the cause of science rather than pitching a product, and you have something new to report—a new element, a new compound, or a new species. How does it get a name? No new science is possible without neologisms, new words or new interpretations of old words to describe and explain reality in new ways. How could Aristotle have developed the logic of syllogisms or Newton thetheory of dynamics without new vocabularies and definitions? They were neologists, and everybody wanting to contribute new knowledge must be. For new knowledge there is no way around the creation of new terms and concepts. For new objects and new inventions, scientific discoveries, technical theories, etc, the new name is usually the work of one man or of a very few. To reject neologisms, often despicably, is to reject scientific development. No sign of scientific conservatism is so telling as the rejection of all but the established concepts of a school of thought. Neologisms are, however, relative to the terminological paradigm actually dominating a field of knowledge. It may be a radical renewal to introduce terms from a tradition believed to be outmoded. Nowadays the idea of the technical highway has been very familiar to people. Development in the science and technology has brought tremendous energy to the improvement of our civilization. And these achievements also find their reflections in language. Technical advancements in a society demand new designator terms, many of which can be found in linguistics such as hypercorrection, phoneme, allomorph, etc. The progress of science and technology gives occasion for the large majority of new words; for a new thing we must have a new name; hence, for instance, motor, argon, and appendicitis. It is interesting to see that the last word did not exist, or was at least too obscure to be recorded, when the Oxford Dictionary began to come out in 1888; but we cannot do without it now. Take the word software for example, that computer term was invented by John W. Tukey, a statistician at Princeton University. As long ago as 1958, he used the word in the American Mathematical Monthly. Today the software comprising the carefully planned interpretive routines, compilers, and other aspects of automotive programming are at least as important to the modern electronic calculator as its hardware of tubes, transistors, wires, tapes and the like. Tukey was already known for inventing another now- famous computer term. In 1946 he used the little word bit as the designation for a unit of information, a binary digit with value 0 or 1. That led a decade later to bytes (groups of bits, now always eight, a term invented by Werner Buchholz at IBM) and to todays kilo-, mega; and tera-bytes of computer storage and information. 2.3 The Manufacture of New Products in Economy Economic development is the mainstream of our era. The improvement of language, to a certain extent, benefits a lot from the new phenomenon that occurs in the economic field. In this competitive world, any innovation or fresh things taking place in economy will soon find their voice in the language. If theres anything a new product needs, its a brand name. To the extent that the product succeeds, the name will too. Its a sure thing, the one way to guarantee that a new term will be a success: spend mighty amounts of money on marketing persuade people to buy and keep on buying a product, and they will call it by the name you give it. When you want a product, a company would like you to think of its brand name. The Coca-Cola Company wants people to think of a Coke when they want a soft drink. But if the marketing is successful enough and the name Coke is embedded in peoples vocabulary, people will ask for a Coke and be satisfied if they get a Pepsi. In fact, in the southeastern United States, home of Coca-Cola, Coke is such a successful brand that many people there (and in the rest of the country) refer to any soft drink as a coke. Some brand names even joined the pack of the general vocabulary. Here are some of them: Aspirin: a name for acetylsalicylic acid, trademarked by the Bayer Company of Germany at the start of the twentieth century. Elevator and escalator: both originally trademarks of the Otis Elevator Company. Zipper: a name given to a separable fastener by the B.F. Goodrich Company many years after it was invented. The new name helped the zipper attain popularity in the 1930s. Loafer: for a moccasin-like shoe. Cellophane: for a transparent wrap made of cellulose. Granola: a trademark registered in 1886 by W K. Kellogg, now used for a natural kind of breakfast cereal. Ping-pong: for table tennis, a trademark registered by Parker Brothers in 1901. Xerox: for photocopier. Kleenex: for facial tissue. Band-Aid: for adhesive bandage. Tupperware: for storage container. Scotch tape: for transparent adhesive tape. Jazzercise: for exercise to jazz music. 2.4. The Events in the Field of Politics. The forming of English new words is sometimes considered as the result of the political changes. Language reflects the society, as it has always been. Politics is an essential part of the development of the world; therefore, it can easily find its relative neologisms in the language field. For instance, when Mr. Bill Clinton was elected as the president of the US., his name has been associated with many political words. His policy is Clintonian, he is carrying out the Clintionism, his economics policy is Clintonomics, and his supporters were called Clintonites, he ultimately wanted to realize his Clintonization. Another widespread usage of affixes is â€Å"-gate†, which came from the historical Watergate event. People took use of Irangate to disclose the involvement of some American government office workers in U.S. selling arms to Iran. Camillagate was used to mean the love affair of British Prince Charles and his lover Camilla Parker. Nannygate was pointed to the illegal hire of baby-sitter or the hire of illegal immigrants. Another striking example, On September 11, 2001, the peace of a sunny late-summer morning was shattered by the impact of four hijacked airplanes on the World Trade Center towers, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania. There were more direct casualties in these disasters than on any previous day in American history, and soon the entire country felt the impact of damaged or destroyed lives, businesses, and sense of security. Out of the ashes came patriotism, resolve, and unity. And out of the ashes came new words, too, to describe new situations never before imagined. The events stir memories of Pearl Harbor and Oklahoma City, and we refer to other memorable occasions by their locations — Lexington and Concord, Gettysburg, Little Big Horn, and Wounded Knee — but in this case the name of place wont work. Its not just because several places were involved, but also because the places are too famous. New York City and Washington, DC, have too many other connotations, so do the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. For lack of a suitable designation deriving from place, we have used the date as a reference point: September 11. That does have a well-known precedent. One other event in American history is referred to by its date: July 4 or the Fourth of July, the date in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Philadelphia. In addition to the spelled-out month and day, the numerals 9/11 or 9-11 have been used. Never before has such a historic event been so labeled, but because of the striking coincidence that 911 is the telephone number to call for help in an emergency, that numerical designation has been a success. Headline writers like the concision of this expression, just three numerals to take in all the events of that day. So far, the events of that day have resulted in just one new term: ground zero, for the place of impact, the center of destruction in New York City where the World Trade Towers once stood. That phrase has succeeded because it is not really new; its an old term for the location on the ground directly under a vast atomic explosion, corresponding to air zero, the location in the air above the ground where the bomb goes off. Ground zero had been gathering dust on the shelf in recent years because of a fortunate lack of atomic explosions. No one knows who first said ground zero in reference to the site where the World Trade Towers were attacked and collapsed, but the term immediately caught on because of its familiarity and emotional power. Chapter 03:Success of English Neologisms 3.1. How are Neologisms Found? The authority for a word in fact, the authority for a language rests with the users of the language. Thus, the process of adding new words to the dictio ­nary begins with a systematic examination of almost everything printed and said in English. As far as ‘Among the New Words‘ is concerned, this important task â€Å"citation with source informationâ€Å" (qtd. in Algeo 1991a: 3) is fulfilled by active members of the Words Committee, who contribute the words they regard as new in any material they read or listen to (Algeo 1991a: 3). The cited word must contain the name of the publication, the day, and the page number. Concerning oral citations, the source information must consist of the day the sentence was heard and where and when one came across it (Algeo 1991a: 3). The following list shows that usually American dictionaries are consulted (with the exceptions of two British dictionaries: the OED and Websters Third) to check the newness of each contribution (Algeo 1991a: 2): Random House Websters College Dictionary, 1991. Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 1989. World Book Dictionary, 1989 Websters New World Dictionary, 3d College ed., 1988. Random House Dictionary, 2d ed. Unabridged, 1987. Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1983. Websters Third New International Dictionary, 1961. Only if the new word is assumed to be British, are additional British dictionaries referred to. To make sure that a neologism has not been lexicalized yet, the following dictionaries of neologisms are used: Third Barnhart Dictionary of New English. 1990. Chambers English Dictionary, 1988. Collins Concise Dictionary, 2d ed., 1988. Collins Dictionary, 2d ed., 1986. Longman Dictionary, 1984. Readers Digest Great Illustrated Dictionary, 1984. If a word entered one of these dictionaries, then it is usually not recorded in ‘Among the New Words‘ (Algeo 91a: 2). Since ‘Among the New Words‘ receives more citations than there is space to print, a selection has to be made. The criteria on what and when to enter a word is up to the lexicographer. As I said, lexicographers have different opinions (Algeo 1991b: 75) and therefore it is hard to give exact rules. However, two principles can be set up: the absolutely newness of a word and the reflection of the zeitgeist. 3.2. Reasons of Success of Neologisms 3.2.1 The frequency of occurrences The most important factor is that a word appears in as many different sources as possible. The more sources (newspapers, magazines, books etc.) a word appears in, the more obvious is the frequency and range of the term (Sheidlower 33). Besides, the more a word is cited the more popular it is; and consequently the more likely it is to be included in a dictionary. 3.2.2 Range among sources It is of interest to know the range of the new word because if a word is only common in a special field, it is not a candidate for a general dictionary but rather for a technical one. Therefore, a general dictionary excludes technical terms or terms well known in a certain field because they are not of general interest. However, there are exceptions: the term intellectual property[1]was

How does knowledge of the foundations and history of nursing provide a context in which to understand current practice? Essay

In order to be a success in anything, one needs to have a foundation. Children’s foundations are created by their parents. Concrete manmade objects have deep structural foundations. Beliefs such as religious or spiritual beliefs are less tangible. But like nursing, the history and the role models that came before us are the foundations upon which we continue to practice. Through trial and error and through painstaking groundwork, our founders such as Florence Nightingale and others (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20..) have provided the foundation for the future growth of nursing. I noticed three trends from the required timeline reading: Florence Nightingale looked at trends affecting the health and healing of patients. By doing so, she help to reform how the health organization looked at sanitary conditions, thereby improving the infection rate (Creasia & Friberg, 2011). The research for the containment of infectious microbes continues today. In the last year or so, the new policy â€Å"gel in, gel out† has been implemented in many hospitals as they discovered that nurses often did not wash their hands between patients. Antiseptic gel has been placed just inside every patient room, along with being in the corridors. Another trend that began way back when and continues today is the need for continuing education in nursing. Linda Richards (nee 1841-1930) received the first diploma in nursing, and went on to organize schools for further the education of women. (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦) These women were already tending to the sick, but by enriching their knowledge, they became better caregivers. Today, the trend continues. There is a push for all nurses to get their BSN’s. To understand the theory behind their actions will improve healthcare outcomes. Isabel Adam Hampton Robb was the first president of the American Nurses Association. She recognized the power that nurses have if they unite in their beliefs. She was a founder of the American Journal of Nursing (NursingWorld, 2013), which still exists today. The American Nurses Association and its peer reviewed journal, NursingWorld also remain in existence. These journals continues to inform and educate the nursing profession with current information, new polices and theories. These trends show us that the nursing profession is an ever changing profession, that need to evolve with our ever changing society.

Shortcuts to Isb Essay 2 Samples That Only the Pros Know About

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Native Americans And The United States Essay - 1671 Words

Ever since coming to North America, the colonists and early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. The United States was nothing but rude to these people who owned the land centuries before the first Englishman ever stepped foot in America. The United States destroyed these societies to shreds without ever really giving them a good chance to live among the Americans. I believe the United States should have treated these Native Americans better instead of almost completely demolishing millions of innocent people trying to adapt to these new ways of life. Ever since Christopher Columbus first came to America in 1492, the natives were known to have been in this new-found land first. When the voyage from Europe first arrived, they thought they had landed in India, so when they saw the natives, the colonists gave them the title of â€Å"Indians†. After discovering â€Å"India† was actually a whole new land, these natives were seen as helpful and kind and the newcomers to America wanted to learn from and teach these uncivilized people their ways and culture to become more civilized. The strange Native Americans spoke a different language, were almost naked, and lived among the land in tents unlike the stone packed cities in Europe. The colonists, like Francis Daniel Pastorius from Pennsylvania in 1700, had given them an even more undignified name,Show MoreRelatedThe United States And Native Americans Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe history between Native Americans and Americans is harsh. Native Americans have been pushed off of their land by Americans and put into smaller reservations. The united states have enforced a number of treaties trying to better the relationship but it has oppressed Natives. Recently the united states were plaining to build an oil pipeline that would run through native land and the native Americans did not want the pipeline to be built. So this created more tension between the two. History ofRead MoreNative Americans And The United States1443 Words   |  6 PagesMany people think that the African-Americans are the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States. That may be true based on the quality of oppression, but not the length of this type of treatment. The Native Americans have been the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States, and even in the colonies that preceded the US. From the early 16th century until even today, the Native Americans were and are being oppressed in this country. The cause was because of colonizationRead MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States as we know it, since its beginning has been based on immigration. Native Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to th e English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlersRead MoreNative Americans And The United States873 Words   |  4 Pageshow they helped to shape what is now American history. To think that when settlers first came to the new land native americans made up one hundred percent of the population but now are roughly only one percent of the total population is very disappointing to see. This decline of population was due to many different factors such as, territorial conflicts, war, disease, and being forced to re-settle. When resettling, the journey alone that the native American had to take caused a huge decrease inRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience challenges that the average American is not subject to, but Native Americans, who live on reservations, experience a unique set of social hardships. Many of these hards hips are due to the fact that they live on reservations where resources and esteem are scarce, but in order to preserve cultural identity and sovereignty, many natives believe it is not only their right to live on reservations, but their duty. Likewise, it is a duty of the United States government to provide these people, whoRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and African Americans3048 Words   |  13 PagesDeculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the educational policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic groups. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are Native, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian. Techniques for deculturalization were appliedRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and Squanto Ess ay790 Words   |  4 PagesSquanto Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they firstRead MoreEssay Native American Relations with The United States4012 Words   |  17 PagesNative American Relations with The United States What were the significant treaties, policies, and events that defined US Government and Native American Relations? How did the Native American respond to these treaties, polices, and events historically? How did these treaties, policies, and events affect the subsistence, religion, political, and social structures of the Native American people? I will answer these questions through the examination of two centuries of US history in six timeRead MoreEssay on Native Americans vs the United States of America1956 Words   |  8 PagesTimes were very hard for Native Americans during the mid to late 1800s. The reasons for their afflictions could only be blamed upon the United States of America. For thousands of years, Native Americans had roamed around the Americas. There had also been many tribes spread across the West that fought between each other in order to have their land.1 It wasn’t until after reconstruction in the United States, that the white Americans started having ordeals with the Native Americans. The main tribes involvedRead MoreThe Great Impact On Native American Nation And The United States Of America1767 Words   |  8 Pagesdisagreements, disrespect, feuds, or even over the smallest of matters. For example, one of the biggest feuds in American history that just ended recently was between the Hatfield’s and McCoy’s. This just shows you how petty, ignorant, and uncivilized we as a people can become. However, the greatest and most crucial feud of all was between the entire Native American Nation and the United States of America. This war of hate and disrespect towards tribes of people and their culture is uncalled for and has

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 863 Words

â€Å"Corruption is the enemy of development, and of good governance. It must be got rid of. Both the government and the people at large must come together to achieve this national objective† (Pratibha Patil). Reverend Hale has been accounted for making many statements inspired by devout faith. His beliefs and hope lead his actions throughout everything he does and everything he thinks. This is not inherently a negative thing, but his faith can lead to him being very ignorant at times, and arguably, corrupt as well. â€Å"Theology is a fortress. No crack in a fortress shall be considered small† (Miller 64). What if this statement was actually completely true? What if Hale was not being naà ¯ve when saying this? In order to defend this statement, the truth of the situation in Salem, Massachusetts needs to be accurately assessed. Theocracy- You are truly the one to blame for all of the chaos that occurs in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, and here are all of the reas ons why. To give context to the scenario in Salem, theocracy is the arrangement of government that the town operates under. Theocracy is a form of government in which the ruling religion is considered to be law. In the case of the setting of The Crucible, Puritanism is the belief system that is in power. Puritanism is not, as it should be noted, a pitiable ideology. Instead, the veritable issue at hand is the use of it as a source of complete authority. The foremost problem with this government system is the lack of freedom ofShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court s ystem in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

ES Lab Report †Nitrate Free Essays

Background Introduction The presence of nitrogen is vital for all organisms as it is an element of protein. It is present in the environment in various compositions and constantly changes from one to another as it goes through the Nitrogen cycle. Nitrate and nitrite are both compounds of nitrogen, which are found in natural sources such as soil, water, plants and food. We will write a custom essay sample on ES Lab Report – Nitrate or any similar topic only for you Order Now These compounds are formed when microorganisms in the environment break down organic materials, such as plants, animal manure, and sewage. This is useful as most of nitrogen absorbed by plants is in the form of nitrate. However, since nitrate is extremely leachable, it very quickly moves with water through the soil and in the event of high amounts of rainfall or excessive irrigation, this can permeate through the various soil layers and reach the groundwater sources.   Nitrate can get into drinking water from runoff or seepage into ground water from farms, golf courses, home lawns, etc. In a well, nitrate may get into the water more easily if the well is poorly constructed. The presence of nitrate in water is extremely difficult to detect, as it does not have any color, odor and is tasteless. The most significant health hazard of the presence of nitrate in drinking water is when the nitrate present in the water is transformed to nitrite in the digestive system.   This causes a condition called methemoglobinemia, which occurs due to the oxidation of hemoglobin to form methemoglobin. Methemoglobin does not have the same oxygen carrying ability of hemoglobin. Effects of nitrate in drinking water are as follows: Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused serious illness and sometimes death. When there is too much nitrate in freshwater or estuarine systems close to land, nitrate can reach high levels that can potentially cause the death of fish. Escalated potential risks of cancer from nitrate and nitrite in water and food are also reported. In this experiment, we are going to measure the level of nitrate or nitrite present in our water system by comparing tap water with grey water. Grey water is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic processes such as washing dishes, laundry and bathing. Aim of Experiment By investigating the elements of nitrite or nitrate that our ground water has, we as a class can determine which residential areas have the most health-threatening water. The aim of this experiment is to raise awareness in high school students on health-threatening issues such as the potential risks of nitrate in water. Hypothesis Unlike countries like Australia or Singapore, Indonesia is not commonly associated with clean tap water. In fact drinking tap water is not recommended nor practiced.   Inspite of this common notion, there are very few health issues related to â€Å"clean water† in Jakarta.   The hypothesis put forward by this experiment is that the nitrate level in groundwater in areas around Jakarta would be minimal. Materials and Equipments Grey water, Tap water, Nitrate-nitrite meter, Function graph, Calculator, Testing chemical. Independent Variable: Location Dependent Variable: Amount of nitrate/nitrite Methods – Collect plentiful gray water and tap water from houses in different areas. – Put the same volume of water from each source into different test tubes.   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Put the testing chemical inside each test tube to check nitrate/nitrite level.   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Measure each nitrate/nitrite level using meter.   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Compare result using a mathematical function graph.    – Use calculator to calculate final results.      Ã¢â‚¬â€ Interpret data. Discussion As seen from the results the level of nitrate found was minimal.   The area around Lippo Karawaci and Sudirman has the biggest chance of having nitrate in their water. This being said does not mean there is 0% possibility that nitrate is present in other areas. This experiment is probably not as detailed as it should be; therefore achieving zero results in most of the areas. Evaluation Even though the results show extremely minimal amounts of nitrate present in the water sources In Jakarta, one cannot draw permanent conclusions that it safe to drink. Alternate sources of drinking water such as bottled water or spring water are always recommended, especially in the case of infants and pregnant women.   Boiling of water is not a solution, as this only tends to increase the concentration of nitrate in water. The hypothesis states that the nitrate level around Jakarta and its surrounding suburban areas will be minimal. The experiment confirms the hypothesis. However, since the sample size was limited the reliability of the results is debatable. How to cite ES Lab Report – Nitrate, Essay examples

Corporate Governance for Omantel

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Governance for Omantel. Answer: Introduction Omantel is a leading telecommunication service provider the Sultanate of Oman. It is the largest listed organization in the Muscat Securities market. The company provides domestic and international telecommunication services in Oman and the vision of Omantel is to become the most valuable brand in the telecom space. Currently, the company is planning to adapt to the governments privatization policy and follow the rules defined in the policies of liberalization and deregulation. As per the regulatory requirement, the company would have to sell 30% of its shares to increase the government share in the undertaking to 51%. Management Problem The move to adapt to government policies needs the company to follow highest standards of services that are audited by the government. Thus, the company needed to follow the policies and ethical standards of the corporate governance in Oman. For this, the company needs to adapt to the corporate governance standards and establish internal controls to assure its adoption. The organization needs to comply with the regulatory requirements of Telecommunications Regulatory Authority and Commercial Companies Law. This report would explore how corporate governance procedure can be adopted by the company and how this move would affect various areas of the organization including people, finance, marketing, strategy, operations, and project management. Corporate Governance Corporate governance is a system that is used for providing a structure and guidance to organization which helps it to take decisions related to corporate affairs, shareholders, board of director configuration, using certain rules and policies(NAWRAS , 2010). Key parties to corporate governance structure in any organization include organization management, government authorities or agencies, stock exchanges, shareholders, auditors, and other important stakeholders including suppliers, funders, employees, creditors, company customers and the community. The main interest of all these parties is to ensure that the organization performs well financially. There are certain principles that have to be followed by the organization adopting the corporate governance framework used in Oman. These principles include: Shareholder Rights: Shareholders of a company have certain rights that they must be free to exercise for which the organization must help them in by effectively communicating the information about the company performance during the general meeting where they are allowed to participate in. Stakeholder Rights: The Company should identify if there are any legal or other forms of obligations with stakeholders and must work to fulfil them Board Responsibilities: Board has to have both understanding and skills to deal with the problematic situations as well as they should be able to challenge the management procedures. A board needs to have sufficient members to ensure that appropriate level of commitment can be received from them considering all responsibilities of the board. The board must include a mix of executive and non-executive board members. Integrity and Ethics: An organization must use some codes of conduct for directors and for executives such that ethical and responsible decisions can be made and lawsuits are avoided. Disclosure and Transparency: Roles and responsibilities of the board as well as the organization management must be clearly communicated the shareholders of the organization. At the same time, the company must also protect the integrity of its financial reporting. The disclosures made by the organization have to be timely and balanced with clear and factual information about the company. Governance in Oman Oman based organizations have to follow the highest standards of corporate governance which includes adoption of codes specified by Capital Market Authority (CMA) and regulations issued by the Central Bank of Oman (CBO). Corporate Governance Adoption by Omantel In order to adopt the governance procedure, Omantel would follow some governance codes related to appointment of board of directors, establishing internal controls, and achieving transparency in business deals. Selection of Board of Directors: There are five members selected in the board of directors including the chairman and 4 other members who are representatives of the government. Assistant General Manager of the company makes the selection of remaining four members. The board runs four special committees, each consisting of at least 3 of the board members. These committees handle areas of corporate governance for Omantel and advise the board and make recommendations. These committees include: Executive Committee: It consists of five board members and is also called a mini board. It looks after the corporate governance requirements of strategic aspects such as business planning and budgeting. Audit Committee: It consists of five board members and looks after corporate governance requirements related to audit and review of policies, procedures, financials, and risks. This committee would review the work of an internal audit team and establish control over the operations of the organization(Bank Muscat, 2016). Key roles of the audit committee include providing of assistance to the board by ensuring that there is integrity in financial reporting procedures, reviewing of internal control and risk management processes, monitoring and reviewing the effectiveness of the audit function of the organization, and selecting as well as evaluation of the external team of auditors. Human Resource Committee: It consists of four board members and has the responsibility of making decisions on Human resource policies and procedures, resource requirements, salaries, training and development decisions. Tender Committee: It consists of five board members and sets up the process of tendering including its processes and procedures for bidding, tender awarding and more. The remuneration that the board members receive for attending the meeting for participation is determined during the assembly general meeting. An annual general meeting including the members of the board and its shareholders is conducted which involves Executive Directors, Non-Executive Directors, and its shareholders. Financial Reporting and Disclosure: the company adheres to the Capital Market Agency Standards for disclosure of its operational information. It follows International Financial reporting Standards for disclosure of financial statements. The company publishes its financial reports quarterly in the newspaper for declaration. Stakeholders are also communicated about the results by sending those details individually. The financial reports not only include regular financial data but also management and governance data. The company is the winner for Ethical Boardroom for using sustainable and ethical governance practices in the organization. Corporate Governance Influences People People include all the stakeholders of the company such as sponsors, shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, channel partners, government, and public. As corporate governance is an ethical and moral practice of governance, the public and government already receive the benefit from operations that are legally and morally correct. Further, shareholder interests are better preserved with transparency of operations and information disclosure. The sponsors or owners are involved in strategy making and execution decisions increasing their understanding of operations as well as providing them chance to make a contribution to the success of the organization. Further, because of information disclosure and strategic alignment of operations with the organizational goals, the managers, employees, and shareholders are likely to be more satisfied with the performance. Corporate governance also engages into marketing and operational audits such that the products are made as per the customer expectations which is an obvious value add for customers. Thus, customers can be more satisfied and trust the organization. Financial Aspect Corporate Governance procedure can help resolve the hold-up problems that are caused due to appropriation of rents when owners cannot use the resource beyond a limit for investment. This is possible because corporate governance procedures separate ownership from control. The corporate governance results into alignment of interest of managers of the organization with the owners. This is made possible using three approaches: A direct alignment of goals can be exercised using methods like execution compensation plan, direct monitoring, and stock options. Legal protection can be provided using expropriation methods such as shareholder rights enforcement, insider-dealing prohibition, and direct protection such that managers are better monitored. Indirect methods can be used for establishing corporate control such as takeovers leading to control of capital and labour(Maher Andersson, 1999). Marketing Marketing can get affected by the policies of disclosure which is adopted with the use of corporate governance. When market orientation is seen from the perspective of the data processing or disclosure, it can suggest three types of constructs including market information, its dissemination, and responses to information. Managers identify market opportunities as well as problems to gather the market information. This information is majorly useful for the employees of the organization. If the dissemination of the information in this case is efficient then it would help employees make use of it in a better manner and the customers would also get benefited. With the use of corporate governance principles, the flow of this information can be organized which would add value to the customers. Moreover, with corporate governance disclosures, the company would be required to disclosure some marketing related information to the customers which would build confidence in the customers. New product pronouncement is another area of marketing which a new product is introduced by an organization in the market. With information disclosure agreements, the company would have desired information to be disclosed to public for this preannouncement. This would enhance the interactions between the company and its customers, helps Company maintain its market advantages, and improve the quality of new products launched by the company(Ho, et al., 2010). Moreover, with corporate governance adoption, the market audit function can also be added to the monitoring and control structure of an organization. This would help company perform an official examination of the marketing results and prepare a report that can help management assess the potential and effectiveness off their marketing efforts. A comprehensive vision on both internal and external aspects and impacts of marketing can be formed. A research done on a Jonardian company, to understand the impact of corporate governance, on marketing found that marketing audit helped company gain a considerable performance advantage in its marketing. It acted as a framework for an effective planning such that external perceptions could be maximized to the companys benefit as well as demand can be generated. Periodic audits helped company keep track of any impacts happening on customers due to modifications made in marketing strategies. Some factors contributing to the success of marketing au dit were determined and they were experience of the auditor, independence of audit, and its acceptance by employees(Hashem, et al., 2016). Strategy A corporate strategy involves processes of formulation of strategies and their implementation in practice. Its focus remains on decision making. In the traditional methods of strategy formulation, the perspectives of decision makers and the rationality of their behaviour were important factors. Because of the existence of a diverse set of such perceptions and behavioural approaches, there were different types of strategy formulation methods that were used. However, one problem that was identified in this approach was that the strategy formulation remained at an immature level because of this variation but its implementation was at a later stage of maturation which was focused on the monitoring and control of procedures. Both strategy formulation and implementation are closely connected and thus, need to evolve together and thus, strategy making needs to be more integrated, rational and performance oriented to make implementations also effective. Thus, strategy formulation needs a bou nded rationality and involvement from Board of Directors, managers, employees as well as shareholders. Corporate governance would ensure that the rationality is maintained and the involvement of desired parties is obtained. A more formalized and organized approach to strategy formulation can be determined using corporate governance principles. This would require an organization to follow a stepwise procedure for strategy formulation. Moreover, the involvement of Board would be made possible which would make the board members responsible for strategy-making. Involvement of employee would also make a difference in strategy formation when the company goes by the rules of corporate governance. Moreover, corporate governance lets a company take a look at the strategic issues from the lenses of transaction cost which can actually affect the strategic moves of the organization. One major factor that would lead to the impact on strategic decisions because of cost factors includes self-interest of human actors. Opportunism, for instance, can exist in a decision maker which would lead to selection of strategy that may be morally damaging. Corporate governance assists an organization through elimination of this opportunism. Involvement of the board of directors in strategy making as well as other stakeholders ensure that conflicts between them are resolved before taking any strategic decision. Further, the corporate governance related disclosures on strategy would push decision makers to ensure that their strategies remain aligned with the objectives of the stakeholders objectives. This would reduce the residual loss of shareholders, enable organization to make scientific decisions based on governance checks, attain organizational rationality instead of individual rationality, provide better supervision and control with involvement of board, reduce moral hazards, and improve organizational performance(Youzhi Yongfeng, 2011). Operations Management Involvement of the Board of Directors through corporate governance demands accountability from legal owners, moral owners as well as operational managers of the organization. Their authority acts as a controlling command. Principles of policy management can also help empower employees while maintaining his control. Such a system not only provides a strategic direction but also provides guidance into deployment of the policy. Corporate governance framework encompasses all management dsiciplines to build a moral and ethical foundation for operations. For instance, the board of directors can discourage rubber stamping and micromanagement of activities by business leaders or managers in an organization. As per the corporate governance framework, operational definitions change with adoption of good governance. The quality of operations in this view is determined by effectiveness, efficiency, economy and representation. Thus, before any operational policy is formed or implemented, the corporate governance would push the management to run a check on this quality aspect of the decision. There are three types of defects that can occur in a quality of operations and these are: Type I defect is caused when organization does not keep its promise Type II defect occurs when the product is unable meet the customer expectations Type III defect results from the simultaneous occurrence of the Type I and II defects. Good governance asks questions on how a company operates and thus, a strategic direction is given for operational management such that results of operations are reported to the top management with performance highlights achieved against operational objectives. A policy framework established within the governance framework can help business leaders take strategic decisions for executing tactical actions for operational management. A balanced scorecard is often used for describing organizational performance from the perspectives of stakeholders. This makes the performance measurement system action oriented creating a link between internal and external measures of performance. In operational terms, good governance can be achieved when following conditions are met: The board may set a policy that clearly defines long term goals as well as limitations on the sue of methods and management styles for achieving those goals The board establishes an execution framework to help organization achieve the business objectives through the use of moral and ethical methods. The policy is deployed in such a way that it makes the CEO of the organization accountable and makes him or her delegate required responsibilities to operational managers following the organizational structure. The board reviews performance of the organization using an objective system of measurement. CEO is encouraged to take a self-regulatory approach to achieve the organizational objectives If the organization is involved in any activities that are outside the business control boundaries, the Board can take required corrective action to being back the alignment(bertin, 2005). Project Management Project management by itself only provides control over a single project. However, a company may have multiple projects to handle and they may be using same resources at different times and thus, there is a need for program control and management to make organizations operate more effectively on all projects. Corporate governance can help establish a framework that can be used for supporting multiple projects in an organization. As per the guidelines of Association for Project management, there are four components to using corporate governance for project management and these include: Portfolio Direction: Project governance procedures ensure that all the projects taken by an organization can be identified with one unified portfolio of projects. It also makes company evaluate each project with respect to the strategic objectives of the organization, an element which is missing in traditional methods of project management. This can help mend the gap between the project management success and project success. Project Sponsorship: Through the use of corporate governance, a link is established between the owners and the management such that the project sponsor is made accountable and responsible for decision making and directing. With the involvement of the project sponsor on projects, the probability of project success through efficient execution increases. Project Management capability: Project managers are made accountable for achieving strategic objectives connected to projects and thus, their project management effectiveness as well as efficiently is improved. Disclosure and reporting: A relevant, reliable and timely disclosure of project information for effective decision making is ensured with the disclosure agreement of the governance framework. An effective reporting process can help organization not only measure the key indicators of success but also its key drivers increasing the probability of achieving success. Conclusions Recommendations It was found that corporate governance adoption is directed towards creation of a more controlled and performance oriented business environment and it majorly affects almost every aspect of business operations including its people, strategy formulation, marketing, finance, and project management. Considering the case of Omantel which is at the initial stages of adoption of corporate governance, some recommendations can be made on efficient use of corporate governance framework which would help the company achieve success in business in the long run. These recommendations include: The managers of the organization may thoroughly study the principles of corporate governance and make an attempt to understand how they can help the organization improve upon their operations. The company must form audit committees for respective operations like accounting and marketing to use corporate governance framework in an effective manner Company can use the governance framework to build accountability in business leaders as well as owners of the organization to achieve better performance(AFG, 2010). References AFG, 2010. Recommendations on corporate governance, s.l.: AFG. Bank Muscat, 2016. Corporate Governance Statement. [Online] Available at: https://www.bankmuscat.com/en-us/InvestorRelation/aboutus/Pages/CorporateGovernance.aspx [Accessed 14 December 2016]. bertin, M. E. J., 2005. The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Quality of Management, s.l.: International Academy for Quality. Hashem, T., Hashem, A., Hashem, F. Ayoub, F., 2016. The Impact of Corporate Governance on the Quality of Marketing Audit in Jordanian Industrial Public Shareholding Companies. International Journal of Business Administration , 7(2), pp. 60-70. Ho, S.-H., Wu, J.-J. Chen, Y., 2010. Influence of Corporate Governance and Market Orientation on New Product Preannouncement: Evidence from Taiwans Electronics Industry. Asia Pacific Management Review, 15(1), pp. 1-14. Maher, M. Andersson, T., 1999. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: EFFECTS ON FIRM PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, s.l.: OECD. NAWRAS , 2010. NAWRAS CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MANUAL, s.l.: NAWRAS . Youzhi, X. Yongfeng, G., 2011. Corporate Governance Effects of Strategy-making Process, Tianjin, China: M D FORUM .